Control Charlotte Stein Pdf: Who Will She Choose? The Dark and Dangerous Andy or the Quiet and Gentl

Lung cancer is the most common oncological cause of death in the Western world. Early diagnosis is critical for successful treatment. However, no effective screening methods exist. A promising approach could be the use of volatile organic compounds as diagnostic biomarkers. To date there are several studies, in which dogs were trained to discriminate cancer samples from controls. In this study we evaluated the abilities of specifically trained dogs to distinguish samples derived from lung cancer patients of various tumor stages from matched healthy controls.

This single center, double-blind clinical trial was approved by the local ethics committee, project no FF20/2016. The dog was conditioned with urine and breath samples of 36 cancer patients and 150 controls; afterwards, further 246 patients were included: 41 lung cancer patients comprising all stages and 205 healthy controls. From each patient two breath and urine samples were collected and shock frozen. Only samples from new subjects were presented to the dog during study phase randomized, double-blinded. This resulted in a specific conditioned reaction pointing to the cancer sample.

Control Charlotte Stein Pdf

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For this study, the dog was conditioned by a classical conditioning method, called the clicker method: a correct indication of a sample was initially rewarded by food along with a specific click from a clicker device. During the conditioning phase the dog was trained to accept the click sound as the only positive reinforcement sign. Duration of the conditioning phase was about one year with training once or twice a week. Week days and training hours changed randomly. During training time the dog was able to move freely, thus he was not leashed. First, only cancer samples were presented to the dog, afterwards more and more control samples were presented together with the cancer sample until the setup goal of the study phase was achieved (one cancer sample and five control samples).

Each urine and breath sample was evaluated only once and was successfully presented to the dog in a randomized, double-blinded manner. In total 41 cancer samples and 205 control samples were evaluated per sample type. Only samples that had not been used during the conditioning phase were evaluated during the study phase to make sure that the dog did not recognize the smell of an already known sample.

Bronchoscopy revealed endobronchial pathological findings in 23 of 41 cancer patients resulting in a sensitivity of 56.1%. The lowest sensitivity was achieved in the diagnosis of adenocarcinomas (33.3%). It was not possible to determine the specificity of the method since no bronchoscopy was done in patients of the control group.

It was the purpose of this study to evaluate the capability of a classically conditioned domestic dog to accurately discriminate urine and breath samples from lung cancer patients of all tumor stages from healthy controls in a strongly standardized and controlled setting of a prospective trial.

In a study by McCulloch et al. household dogs were trained to accurately distinguish breath samples of lung and breast cancer patients from those of controls. A correlation between current tobacco consumption and the sensitivity of the olfactory detection could be demonstrated [7]. In contrast, in a study of Ehmann et al. [9] lung cancer was identified with an overall sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 93% but the detection was independent from the presence of tobacco smoke and food odors. However, if tobacco consumption should result in a poorer sensitivity and specificity of olfactory detection of lung cancer, this method would be not suitable for screening.

Cataract surgery dates back to the 1700s. With new advancements in technology, infectious disease control, and equipment, there are fewer postoperative adverse events following the procedure. However, complications still do occur both intra and post-operatively. The current goal of cataract surgery is to remove the cataract and replace it with an intraocular lens, which is typically placed in the capsular bag of the posterior chamber.

As hypothesized and in line with most earlier findings in youths with MD [28,29,30], we found that psychological burdens of the mother during pregnancy were more frequently reported in the MD group. Specifically, more mothers of youths with MD than mothers of TD controls reported emotional distress during pregnancy. One explanation is that emotional stress of the mother during pregnancy activates the maternal HPA-axis, which has been shown to influence the HPA-axis of the fetus, predisposing the offspring to MD [30]. Of note, unlike a number of previous studies [32,33,34], we did not find a relationship between postpartum depression of the mother and MD in the offspring. Given that we aimed to examine multiple stressors and protective factors and their relative association strength with youth MD, it was beyond the scope of the current study to conduct an interview or to apply separate self-rating scales for postpartum depression [74]. This approach would likely be more sensitive to detect this stressor than the dichotomous answer format applied in the current study. Apart from this issue, it has been shown that maternal postpartum depression and later maternal MD are related, leading to the suggestion that not postpartum depression per se but rather the subsequent depressive episodes or the genetic risk conveyed by having a parent with MD may predispose the offspring to the disorder [33]. In this context and in line with the literature [35,36,37,38], the present study found that the proportion of individuals with one or both parents or at least one sibling affected by MD was substantially higher in the MD compared with the TD group. Moreover, a parental history of an affective disorder emerged as the most important stressor for youth MD in the present study. Importantly, having a first-degree relative with an affective disorder acts both as a genetic and environmental risk factor, with approximately 40% of the variance in female MD during youth being explained by genetic factors, whereas unique environmental factors seem to contribute with approximately 60% [75]. 2ff7e9595c